Second Question

What impact have different world cultures had on art and design?


First Culture:
Japanese Art


Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture in wood and bronze, ink painting on silk and paper and more recently manga, cartoon, along with a myriad of other types of works of art. It also has a long history, ranging from the beginnings of human habitation in Japan, sometime in the 10th millennium BC, to the present.


The different stages of Japanese Art:
Jomon Art 


This art was created by the first settlers of Japan, the Jomon people, named for the cord markings that decorated their clay vessels. They were a group of nomadic hunter-gatherers, who later practised farming and building cities with populations of thousands. They built simple houses of wood and thatch and were set into shallow earthen pits to provide warmth from the soil. 


some examples of Jomon art:

gathered from: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jomo/hd_jomo.htm
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist: unknown
date of origin thought to be from around 1500 BC- 1000 BC



gathered from: http://qag.qld.gov.au/collection/asian_art/jmon_culture_1
date gathered 26/05/11
artist unknown
thought to have been created in the middle of the Jomon period.



gathered from:  http://www.squidoo.com/mesolithic-art-painting-pottery-sculpture
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist unknown


As you can see all the design work on the pottery was created using cord which was pressed into the clay during the drying period to create the unusual designs and patterns, this is where the group of settlers got their name from.


Asuka and Nara Art:


Most of the art from during this period is inspired by the addition to Buddhism to the countries religious views. A lot of the artwork involved Buddha and temples. The majority of this work was made possible by the growing wealth and technological advancements Japan had to offer, such as the ability to cast bronze into statues. The earliest structures created in this style still exist in Japan and the wooden temples can be found in the far east. The unique style of the temples is iconic and well known all around the world and are often regarded as some of the most amazing buildings ever created. What makes them even more amazing is the fact that they wouldnt have had many tools to help construct the buildings, it was all hand made and took hours of man work to get each part of the temple put together, here are some examples of such art.



gathered from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AsukaBodhisattva.JPG
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist unknown, thought to have originated from during the 7th century


Here is an example of some of the famous wooden temples created during this art period, they are amazing temples and many of them were worship places of very important people and considered the holyiest places in Japan.



gathered from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji11s3200.jpg
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist unknown, there is no particular one artist as a large group of workers and worshipers constructed this wooden temple over the space of many years.


Another example of the wooden temples created during the 8th century, the style remains the same and iconic as ever.

gathered from: http://0.tqn.com/f/wiki/e/en/thumb/9/94/YakushijiPagoda.jpg/250px-YakushijiPagoda.jpg
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist unknown


Contemporary art in Japan:


Japanese modern art takes many forms and expresses as many different ideas. It ranges from advertisements, anime, video games, and architecture, to sculpture, drawing and painting. The world of anime has taken off in the last 20 years and is now considered one of the most iconic forms of art, although considered different to cartoon work, it still has many things in common. Anime has spread onto our tv's and even childrens shows are taking on the Japanese style of art. Even famous tv movies such as Star Wars has taken on the anime form and now has an anime version called The Clone Wars. Alot of the painting and drawing art involves oceans and waves and koi fish. It is supposed to represent freedom and the earth itself. The Japanese drawing and painting work is now commonly used as tattoo art and the vibrant colours make the amazing pieces of art. Many modern Japanese artists make their names in the anime and drawing world now, Takashi Murakami is arguably one of the most well known Japanese modern artists in the Western World. Murakami and his artists create anime inspired art in his studio, he has named his style of art "superflat", the anime influence is clear in his work and he uses many mediums to create it. He creates sculptures and paintings and in almost all his work the anime influence is very clear, from the use of bright colours and bold lines.


some examples of modern art:
I find this style of art very interesting as I sometimes watch anime, the art is pretty simple but the bold colours and thick lines give it a unique style. The picture always has an element of fantasy and mystery.

gathered from: http://gamesworldbodmin.co.uk/images/-anime-guy.jpg
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist unknown


Here is an example of the tattoo art that is inspired by Japanese art. As you can see the bright colours and bold lines that make the iconic dragon stand out. If I was to ever get a tattoo I would choose this style of art as I think it makes a really nice tattoo, the colours are bright and there is no real small details so the image can be seen from far away and it look crisp.

gathered from: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__b-MSF84oLM/TPpVQ_8fJMI/AAAAAAAAABU/BMBfb60FSVE/s1600/Japanese%2BTattoo%2BDesign.jpg
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist unknown


Here is an example of Japanese wave art I mentioned earlier, this style of art work is amazing as the colours are bold and the lines give it alot of definition. I think this is my favourite style of art and it is created by block printing so from simple methods you get this amazing artwork.

This style of art work originally died out around 1912 but 2 new schools of print making re-developed the style and it is now very popular, the two schools have seperate beliefs about the work, but both produce very similar pieces of art.


gathered from: http://emptyeasel.com/2008/04/24/a-brief-history-of-japanese-art-prints-also-known-as-ukiyo-e/
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist: originally Ukiyo-e Prints



Here is another example of tattoo art, which originates from the art in the previous picture. The colours are again, bright and bold. The style of the waves are all similar in this form of art work and the koi fish is an iconic creature of Japan and recognised as a Japanese symbol world wide.


gathered from: http://pics.livejournal.com/frozen1789/pic/001gh8zb
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist unknown


Second Culture:
Graffiti/ urban art


The term graffiti was used to describe art work that was scratched into acient pillars and walls, it was used to give a name to inscriptions on a column or wall that wasnt designed to be there. The first form of graffiti still exists in Turkey, local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution, but to this date the real meaning is unknown. Some people regard cave paintings as the earliest from of graffiti and others say the Romans were the first to scratch into monuments and walls to create graffiti. The historic examples have helped historians discover what was going on in life during the time the art was created, as normally graffiti is written to rebel against what is happening in the country. Modern graffiti however is considered to be more related to hip hop culture and street gangs. Graffiti has appeared in the modern world for many years on such things as railcars and subway walls. Early examples of modern graffiti were used to protest against the second world war and to commemorate the loss of famous people such as "yardbird". Graffiti is considered one of the most expressive forms of art as people spray exactly whats on their mind for the world to see. Over the years graffiti has greatly developed and can now be seen on every street. Here are some examples of graffiti.



Here is an example of the highly decorative art found in Brazil. I find this style of work amazing and the skill to create such work is very hard to develop. I would say this is one of the most interesting forms of art that has become mainstream.


gathered from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OlindaGraffiti.jpg
date gathered: 26/05/11
artist unknown (its graffiti ofcourse it will be unknown)



Here is another example of some decorative graffiti in a similar style to the previous picture, this type of graffiti is very hard and takes a highly skilled artist hours sometimes even days to create. All done by hand using nothing but spray cans this art is definitely my favourite form of art and the most interesting to look at.


gathered from http://memykidandlife.com/Pics/barcelona-graffiti-13.jpg
date gathered 05/06/11
artist unknown


A more recently famous form of graffiti is stencil art, and an artist who has made his name is just stencil art has began to sell his work for very high prices. Banksy is one of the most famous names in graffiti, if not thee most famous. His work is imaginative and very skilled. Here are some examples of his work.





gathered from http://www.thecitrusreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/banksy-again.jpg
date gathered 06/06/11
artist Banksy





Here is another one of Banksy's pieces of art, as you can see the artwork is not conventional and often controversial. All of his work is created using stencils and cut outs, and what he has created using just stencils is amazing.


gathered from http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/12_01/17banksyES_468x606.jpg
date gathered 05/06/11
artist Banksy


After some time and some press coverage Banksy became a household name, and he was then contracted to create various pieces of art for a number of different reasons. One exhibition in Bristol created to house Banksy work had over half a million visitors in its first couple of months. This shows how something considered illegal can get you famous if done in the correct way. Here is an example of one of the pieces of art he created for the exhibition.





gathered from http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/46218000/jpg/_46218268_-14.jpg
date gathered 05/06/11
artist Banksy





Here is an example of how graffiti was started and how peoples art would have got around the city, artist sprayed their work on the side of subway cars to get their work noticed all around the city they would have lived in, which is a pretty clever way of basically freely advertising your art work.


gathered from http://monkeedesign.squarespace.com/storage/Rome_subway_graffiti.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=1240391542922
date gathered 05/06/11
artist unknown


3rd Culture
Naive art


Naïve art is a classification of art that is often characterized by a childlike simplicity in its subject matter and technique. While many naïve artists appear, from their work to have no training at all, this is not true. To create art that is considered naive is very hard, the artists have to be able to tap into their childlike state and see through the eyes of a child and create art in the way they would. Naive art skills are something that take years and years to gain, and they are normally something you either have or dont, there is no forcing the art as it will never look right. The words naïve and primitive are regarded as work that is considered real art in the modern world, they are avoided by many in the art scene and for that reason Naive work is controversial.

The characteristics of naïve art are very distinctive and are different to the formal qualities of fine art paintings. Especially as Naive art breaks the 3 rules of the perspective (defined by the Progressive Painters of the Renaissance) : Here are the rules a fine artist would follow:

1- decrease of the size of objects proportionally at the distance

2- enfeeblement of colors with the distance

3- decrease of the precision of details with the distance

The results are of a Naive painter are:

1- effects of perspective geometrically wrong (very strange aspect of the objects, children's drawings look, or Middle Ages' painting look,)

2- strong use of pattern, unrefined colours and no real similarities in the objects in each piece of art

3- an equal accuracy brought to details, including those of the background who should be shaded off.

Here are some examples of Naive art:

This piece of art, although considered Naive has quite alot of detail and I would not say it looks as though a child had painted this, however this is from the 17th century when Naive art was just being formed and practised, if this art is compared to modern day Naive art great differences can be seen and in modern art the link to childlike techniques is highly recognisable.

gathered from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Noahs_Ark.jpg

date gathered 05/06/11

artist Edward Hicks

Here in this piece of art that was created alot later than the above, the child like form is much clearer to see. There is no real detail and the body parts and dog are not in proportion to what they would be in real life. Although this still looks like a good piece of art, that maybe a child wouldnt produce, it deffinatly looks more Naive than the above. The mis-shaped dogs face help show the fact it is not supposed to be a photo realistic drawing.

gathered from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Duncan_with_Orville.jpg

date gathered 05/06/11

artist Nan Phelps

Here is a great piece of Naive art, as you can see there is no proportions at all and the chicken is made up of some very strange colours. Some objects in the background are larger than those in the foreground which is typical of naive art. The simple shapes and bright colours are again typical of naive art. 

gathered from http://www.madeinserbia.net/photo/c1664_p4515.jpg

date gathered 05/06/11

artist unknown

gathered from http://en.artoffer.com/_images_user/7947/95123/large/May-People-Women-Decorative-Art.jpg

date gathered 05/06/11

artist unknown

gathered from http://img.signaly.cz/upload/8/a/249ddb2da6bc70b14918c5b96b7a3a/naive-art-9.jpg

date gathered 05/06/11

artist unknown

As you can see from looking at these pieces of art none of them have any real fine detail and they all resemble pictures a child would draw. Getting this work perfect is a very hard skill and many of these paintings would have taken ages to complete, it might take an artist a whole day just to get in the right frame of mind to paint something such as these. In the late 20th century this skill level became recognised and in this century the art has become more favoured and is now shown in galleries all over the world. Becoming renound in this style of art is one of the hardest forms and is a very niche market. 

First Question

What was the impact of the second world war and the subsequent social and political change on art, craft and design?


1.  What was going on in peoples' lives at this time?


The blackout
The blackouts began 2 days before World War 2 began, during the blackout the rules were very strict. Everyone had to cover their windows at night with black material, this was to make it difficult for the German bombers to identify towns and houses during night time raids. Street lights were all turned off and during this time there was a high increase in the number of road accidents as car headlamps had to be blacked out. There was also an increase in the number of people drowning as they walked into ponds and fell off bridges in the dark.


The blitz
During this time, as soon as aircrafts were spotted an air raid siren was sounded to warn everyone that an air raid was on its way. Some families would run down the street to communial shelters and others would hide under tables and stairs. The lucky had their own shelters in the back garden, known as anderson shelters, created from corregated iron. Those near the centre of London could head down to a tube station and hide underground, over time bunk beds and toilets were installed in the stations to make the waiting a little more comfortable. After such raids another siren sounded to give the all clear, this is when people came out to inspect the damage the Germans had done.


Evacuation
During the war alot of children were evacuated from the cities and towns and placed elsewhere in the country side, some parents refused to allow their children to be evacuated and those children stayed in 'danger areas' through out the war.

http://www.1900s.org.uk/life-times-images/evacuation-day2.jpg
Intersection of Silver Street and Windmill Road, Cliff Raven
Date accessed: 20/05/11


Womens Lives
During the war most women began working at factories and 75,000 women joined the land army to help Britain grow more crops. Most of the women who applied for jobs within the army were placed as cooks, drivers, mechanics and secretary's.


Mens Lives
All of those young and fit enough were called up to join the Army, Airforce or Navy. Initially soldiers had to be between 20 and 22 but this was soon changed to 18-41, men were sent as far as Africa, the far East and Europe. Some men were gone so long that family members didnt even recognise their loved ones. Men who had careers in science and engineering were not sent to war as their jobs were too important and their lives could not be risked. The men who were not fit enough sometimes volunteered as ARP Wardens and fire fighters. 


How did this effect Propaganda and design?
Here are some of the propaganda posters and pieces of art that would have been in circulation during the time of the second world war. 




Both of these posters were common in America during the second world war, they were in circulation from 1939-1945, they were aimed at the general population. They were meant to help people realise what they were fighting for, a free America. The second poster was used to help make people feel they were absolutely vital to winning the war, which they were, but by saying " I want you" it felt more like a personal message. This poster is well known around the world and commonly seen.


Both poster from http://www.world-war-2-planes.com/propaganda-posters-in-ww2.html
date gathered: 26/05/11
author: unknown





This poster was created to warn people about speaking carelessly in public, during the war many people were worried about spies, and posters like this were created to warn people that a spy could lurk in any place, so keep all information to yourself. Giving away information in a public place could cost lives, and posters like this just helped to remind people a spy could be right next to them, I think this is a pretty clever poster as they are in a pub, a normal place for men to meet, and maybe one of the main places information could be accidently spread. So creating a poster such as this would have helped all information be kept under wraps.


poster from : http://www.postersofwar.co.uk/
date gathered: 26/05/11
author: unknown





This poster was created to warn people of black markets, and get members of the public to help shut down all of the black market traders. During the war ration stamps were very valuable and some people would try so many things to get around having to spend them on everyday food. Some people who had connections would sell food for very high prices and this would have an impact on the whole system, by creating this poster it helps the government regain control of all food flow and make sure all families were getting enough food and werent being offered illegal foods on the black market.


poster from: http://www.postersofwar.co.uk/
date gathered 26/05/11
author: unknown



Here is another version of the poster above, created by James Montgomery Flagg in 1940. It was created for the Army Recruitment Bureau. The artist based the illustration upon himself for this poster, which was used during the first world war and then revived during the second world war. This poster has been described as the best know of any era.


gathered from: http://cache2.allpostersimages.com/p/LRG/11/1146/FVVM000Z/posters/flagg-james-montgomery-i-want-you-for-the-u-s-army-c-1917.jpg
date gathered: 26/05/11
author: James Montgomery Flagg
date created: 1940



This poster, created in 1942, was designed to make the war personal. Showing the possibility that the war could end up in their own back yard if nothing was done about it quickly. Posters like this were of a small size to make them more personal and noticeable when placed on a wall. Normal war posters were of 24 sheet billboard size, but these were created very small in comparison to help them seem aimed at each individual person, rather than the population in genereal.


gathered from: http://americanhistory.si.edu/victory/victory1.htm
date gathered: 26/05/11
Author: Oldsmobile division. General Motor Company
year: 1942


What was going on politically?


During WW2 the British Politician Winston Churchill was in charge of England. He is regarded as one of the great wartime leaders and known as a very poweful and task driven man. He was made Prime Minister twice during his lifetime and was known for many other things. He was an officer in the Army during the second world war, he was also an artist, historian and a writer. To date he is the only British Prime Minister who has ever received the Nobel Prize in Literature and been an honorary citizen of the United States. In Churchills earlier life he attended the Royal Military College, it took three attempts before he passed the entrance exam. He applied for cavelry rather than infantry as the grade requirements were lower and he did not have to learn math, which he disliked. After many years and some awards later, the man ended up leading Great Britain through some of its toughest times and is regarded as one of the greatest figures in the history of this country.


During the time of the war America was just about to come out of the great depression, as the second world war was beginning to start. The country was divided between making deals with Geramany's new leader, Adolph Hitler, and confronting Germany's expansionist goals. After the bombing of Pearl Harbour America were forced to become involved in the war. The rest of this decade were dominated by war. America made many technical advances during the second world war, and one of the greatest is the Atomic Bomb, two of which were dropped on Japan which closed the second world war, and helped America to become known as the most powerful country in the world.


Joseph Stalin became the undisputed leader of Russia 1929 and during the war he helped fight against the German's, although his real goal was to modernise Russia. He could not however modernise Russia as he was scared of the forces within Russia such as the Red Army, who he knew would oppose his ideas, the only way to move them aside and get his plan under way was to remove some of the most powerful men in the force. During his time of leadership he killed all the senior commanders of the Red Army and only 1 marshall out of 5 was left alive. This meant that when Hitler struck the army was all but wiped out, and there was no opposing force left to fight against Starlin's ideas.


research gathered from: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/political_leaders_of_world_war_t.htm
www.wikipedia.com
date gathered: 26/05/11
authors: unknown


How did art and design reach the intended audience?

During the war the main way to spread information and propaganda was through the use of posters. Some posters were very large, 24 sheets placed together on a billboard, these were used for very important pieces of information. For the propaganda posters and art, much smaller, personal size posters were created. They were designed to feel as though they directly targeted the person who see's the poster. The small posters and flyers often had information about black outs and army recruitment, the reason black out posters were kept small and individual is because they didnt want any spies seeing the posters on every wall and catch on the fact that people just turn their lights out to avoid being seen. Futhermore the Army recruitment posters were kept small and personal so it seemed like they were like a personal invitation from the Prime Minister to join the army and help the country fight its way through the war. The way the art was spread is very clever and deffinately got the job done.


gathered from: http://booksblog.guidelive.com/archives/2009/01/
gathered on: 26/05/11
author: unknown